Methods of Measurement When we need to translate the physical experience of rhythm into a shared language, we rely on counting. While there are a number of ways to count, they generally fall into two categories: methods that measure the grid, and methods that measure the spaces.

Measure-Based Counting Measure-based counting assigns a specific address or identifier to every single box in the rhythmic grid, regardless of whether a note is played there or not. This method is incredibly useful for understanding exactly where a note falls in relation to the main pulse.$$Graphic 14-1: Measure Based Counting Methods$$

Looking at Graphic 14-1, each variation represents a different way to divide the same space:

• Variation 1 (1 e & a): This gives us a pulse with a four-beat subdivision (sixteenth notes). This is the most precise way to map out syncopation and tension, and the method we will use most frequently in this guide.
• Variation 2 (1 & 2 &): This describes a pulse with a two-beat subdivision (eighth notes). This is often how rhythm is conceived in Western notation because it’s easier to read.  
• Variation 3 (1-16): This grid removes the concept of the pulse entirely, simply numbering the smallest common units from 1 to 16.

When we apply Variation 1 to the universal "Clave" pattern, it makes it very clear how each of the pattern's pillars relates to the downbeat. We can distinctly hear the notes falling on the 1, the 1a, the 2&, the 3&, and the 4.